Smirnov Nikita
Creative work "wall shelf" work of a 7th grade student
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Creative project “Wall Shelf” Performed by Smirnov Nikita 7 “a” MAOU “Gymnasium named after. A.S. Pushkin" 2013
Organizational and preparatory stage
Main characteristics of the product Purpose of the product and the requirements for it Main consumers of the product My family and people aged 3 to 18 years will benefit first of all Purpose of the product Book storage Technical Parameters Width-300mm Height-810mm Materials for manufacturing Plywood, wood Material cost Low Product safety The shelf must be safe Technical specifications
Low consumption of materials. Simplicity of design. Simplicity of manufacturing technology. Low production time. Beautiful appearance. Ease of use. Environmental friendliness Evaluation criteria
To select my product, I used models from books, magazines and the Internet. I recorded the results in a table, where + Complies and - Fails Model selection
Selecting a model Shelf made of modules (simple geometric shapes)
Selecting a model Honeycomb shelf
Choosing a model Shelf in the Old Russian style
Model selection Plywood shelf with back wall
Selection of model No. Quality indicators Model No. 1 Model No. 2 Model No. 3 Model No. 4 1 Lowest material consumption 0 0 0 1 2 Simple design 0 0 1 1 3 Simplicity of manufacturing technology 0 0 1 1 4 Low manufacturing time 0 0 1 1 5 Aesthetics (beautiful appearance) 1 1 0 0 6 Ease of use 1 1 0 1 7 Environmental friendliness 1 1 1 1 Total points 3 3 4 6
Model - shelf Shape - rectangle Purpose - storage of books, cups, medals Topic - Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014 Design stage
Technological stage
Economic assessment Final stage (self-assessment) 5
Environmental assessment The product is made from environmentally friendly materials The product does not pollute environment Final stage (self-assessment) 5
The general assessment of the Regiment is ready. Economic product. Practice simple operations. The product is environmentally friendly. All family members liked the regiment. Final stage (self-assessment) 5
Overall assessment Task completed Final stage (self-assessment) √
Jury Questions
Thank you for your attention
Preview:
"Wall shelf"
__________________________________________________
Completed: 7th grade student
Smirnov Nikita
Technology teacher: Fedorova O.M.
Syktyvkar 2013
There is no greater pleasure in life
than the pleasure of overcoming difficulties on the path to success.
Samuel Johnson
1.1. Project topic
Out of 7 directions, I chose a product for the home. Next, I need to choose an object (products) that I could design and manufacture myself. Of course, it is difficult for me to make, for example, a cabinet or a table. But I am quite capable of making a wall shelf. If the shelf has a beautiful appearance, it will decorate the interior of the room and create a good mood.
That's why I chose the theme of the creative project "wall shelf"
What requirements must this product meet?
Using a computer in Word program I drew up technical specifications for the future product (Table 1)
1.2.Technical specifications
For the product “Wall shelf” tab.1
Main characteristics of the product | Purpose of the product and requirements for it |
Main consumers of the product | My family and people aged 3 to 18 will benefit first |
Purpose of the product | Book storage |
Technical Parameters | Width-300mm Height-810mm |
Materials for production | Plywood, wood |
Material cost | low |
Product safety | The shelf must be safe |
The design and manufacturing technology of the design product must satisfy the following basic criteria:
Low consumption of materials.
Simplicity of design.
Simplicity of manufacturing technology.
Low production time.
Beautiful appearance.
Ease of use.
Environmentally friendly (does not pollute the environment).
3. Search and analysis of information about the product.
1.3.Historical background
Shelf (furniture product)
Universal wall shelf
Bookshelf
A group of glass wall shelves in the bathroom (fastening - “pelicans”)
Shelf - a piece of furniture without a front wall, with or without a back wall, for placing books and other items.
Shelves can be made from various materials (solid wood,laminated chipboard , MDF , glass , mirror , metal , stone etc.) Can be equipped with backlights; including glass shelves - LED, located both at the end of the glass and inside the multilayer glass structure. The shelves are attached to the walls using various fasteners, both hidden (“titans”, “ears”) and those serving a decorative function (cable systems, chains, “pelicans”, etc.)
Types of shelves by functionality
Bookshelf - shelf for storing books.
- Spice shelf- (usually narrow) kitchen shelf having a front limiting edge or holes for installing containers withspices .
- Bathroom shelf
- Universal shelf
Types of shelves according to location in the room
Wall shelf
- Hanging shelf - a shelf suspended on cables, chains, etc. and attached to the ceiling of the room.
- Corner shelf - a shelf located in the corner of the room and attached to two adjacent walls. Corner shelves are divided into shelves:
- for inside corner- for angles between adjacent walls less than 180°.
- for outside corner- for angles between adjacent walls of more than 180°.
Types of shelves by design
- Console shelf - a shelf, which is one horizontal plane, fixedly fixed perpendicular to the wall.
- Shelf with side walls- a shelf with side walls to support and limit the displacement of objects on it.
- Shelf with side walls and top horizontal wall- a type of wall cabinet without doors.
- Shelf with back wall
- Multi-tier shelf- a shelf having several horizontal walls located one above the other.
- Combined shelf- a shelf that has horizontal and vertical walls, forming compartments for storing items for various functional purposes, and can also have drawers.
Types of shelves by relative arrangement
Single shelf - the only shelf on the wall or a shelf located at a considerable distance from another shelf or group of shelves.
- Shelf group - several closely spaced and combined compositionally single shelves.
To select possible product options for manufacturing, I looked at various magazines, books, Internet sites about shelves, as well as finished products in stores. As a result of the search, I settled on four possible options and assessed each one according to the selected criteria. I recorded the results in a table, assessing each option (in points) for compliance with the seven criteria put forward: corresponds - 1 point, does not correspond - 0 points. (Table 2)
3.2 Analogue models
Model1
Model2
Model3 Model4
Characteristic features of analogue models:
Choice best option products.( table 2)
p/p | Quality indicators | Model № 1 | Model № 2 | Model № 3 | Model № 4 |
|
Lowest material consumption | ||||||
Simple design | ||||||
Simplicity of manufacturing technology | ||||||
Low production time | ||||||
Aesthetics (beautiful appearance | ||||||
Ease of use | ||||||
Environmental friendliness | ||||||
Total points | ||||||
Option 4 scored the most points, so it is the best.
Identifying the best ideas
to implement them in the project.
Type of shelf by functional purpose
Bookshelf - shelf for storing books.
Type of shelf by location in the room
Wall shelf - wall-mounted shelf
Type of shelf according to design
Shelf with back wall- a shelf with a back wall.
Studying consumer demand for the product.
I decided to study consumer demand for the product. This is necessary in order to find out what qualities people would like to see in my product.
To do this, I conducted a questionnaire to study consumer demand.
Questionnaire to study consumer demand for the shelf.
1 .Would you like to purchase this shelf?
A) yes
B) no
2 .What criteria do you consider most important when purchasing a shelf?
A) aesthetic appearance.
B) originality of the model.
C) durability of use and reliability.
D) ease of use
D) affordability.
3 . How many shelves do you have at home?
A) several
B) a lot
B) none
4. By making a purchase, you:
A) felt the need for this product
B) really liked the model
C) we decided to liven up the interior
D) the shelf complements our interior
D) Something else
5 .In everyday life you prefer to use
A) Leather furniture
B)wicker furniture
B) Wooden furniture
D) Upholstered furniture
6 .What types of finishes would you prefer for the shelf?
A) Painted tree
B) natural wood structure
E) doesn't matter
7 . Do you prefer that the shelf you bought be in a single copy?
A) yes
B) no
8. When making a purchase, do you prefer:
A) Buy an expensive, but high-quality and beautiful thing
B) Cheap - it doesn’t matter what it looks like, as long as it lasts a long time
9 . Your biggest selling point
Conclusion: Of those surveyed, 8 people would buy a shelf. Significant criteria 5 are ease of use, 8 - affordability, 4 - longevity of use. All respondents have several shelves. In everyday life, most people prefer natural furniture. The finishing choice was natural wood structure. 7 people, when making a purchase, would prefer an expensive but high-quality shelf, and 3 would prefer a cheap one.
The arguments were:
Quality
Beauty
Affordability.
2.1 (sketch) of the product
2.2. Description of the appearance and design of the design model.
The shelf has a rectangular shape (810mm-300mm). Its purpose is to store books and awards. It can be used by all family members. It’s especially good that it can serve as a gift, since the theme of the decor was chosen on the eve of the Olympic Games. It can also be used in kindergartens. It is simple in design and contains additional decorative elements in the form of figurines of athletes; awards can be hung on them. I chose the dimensions of the shelf so that the books could fit. I presented the technological process of making a shelf in the form of a table.
3.1. Technological sequence of product manufacturing
Technological map.Manufacturing the “Base” part
p/p | Sequence of work | Equipment and tools |
|
Base-820x300x1mm | Workbench, plywood, ruler. |
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Mark up overall dimensions 810x300mm | |||
Saw along the contour with an allowance for sawing | Workbench, hacksaw |
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Mark the corners at the top | Pencil, square, ruler |
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Saw off according to markings | Workbench, hacksaw |
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Clean surfaces | Workbench, file, sanding paper |
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Draw background Applying an inscription | Brush Gouache jar stencil |
Manufacturing of the “Stand” part, quantity -2 pcs.
Selecting a workpiece taking into account processing allowances 310x220mm | Workbench, plywood, ruler, pencil, square |
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Mark overall dimensions 300x210mm | Workbench ruler, square. pencil |
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Saw off with 1mm allowance | Hacksaw. workbench |
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Clean the surface | Workbench, rasp, sanding paper |
Manufacturing of the “Plank” part - 2 pcs.
Selecting a workpiece for 2 planks, taking into account machining allowances of 15 mm 95x310mm | Workbench wood square pencil |
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Plan base face A | Workbench Plane ruler |
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Plane the second face in size 20mm | Workbench Plane Ruler |
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Plane base edge B | Workbench Square Ruler pencil |
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Saw off allowances to length | Workbench Hacksaw ruler |
Mark the workpiece in width from the base edge | Workbench Square Ruler pencil |
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Cut the workpiece into 2 parts according to the markings | Workbench Hacksaw ruler |
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Plane the base edge of the plank | Workbench Plane Ruler square |
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Plane the second edge of the plank | Workbench Plane Square Ruler Pencil |
||
Clean the surface | Workbench Rasp Sanding paper |
Workbench
Hacksaw
ruler
Mark the workpiece lengthwise into 9 parts
Ruler
Square
pencil
Cut the workpiece into 9 parts
Workbench
Hacksaw
ruler
Draw figures according to the template
Templates
pencil
Sawing figures
Sawing device
jigsaw
Cleaning the surface of the figures
Rasp
File
Sanding paper
Paint the figures
Brush
Gouache
jar
Varnish the figures
varnish
brush
Product assembly
1.Connect the slats with the stands
2. Connect the stands to the base using strips (nails)
3.Glue the figures to the plank using furniture glue. After drying, clean the entire surface with fine-grained sandpaper.
4.Attach hooks (screws) to the base
5.Glue the figures to the base. After drying, clean the entire surface with fine-grained sandpaper.
6. Finishing the product with varnish.
To connect the planks to the stands and to the base you will need screws and nails. When performing work, safety precautions must be observed.
4.1. Economic assessment
There is a saying: “money loves counting.” When you clearly know where and how much money was spent, then you will be able to control the situation and change it. Therefore, we determine the total costs of materials.
Calculation of the conditional cost of materials for the manufacture of a product.
Material name | Price (per, 1m, pcs.) | Material costs (m, pcs.) | Cost Cost |
plywood | 1m of blank 350x250mm costs 20 rubles | Base-810mm Stands 2 pcs- 300x2=600mm Figures-740mm 810+600+740=2140mm=2m140mm total length of the workpiece | S1=20x2.14=42.8 rub. |
Unedged board | 1 m of workpiece with a cross section of 45x45 costs 30 rubles | The length of the workpiece is 297mm=0.30mm | S2=0.30x2x30=18rub |
self-tapping screws | 1 self-tapping screw costs 45 kopecks | 6 pcs | S3=0.45х6=3rub |
glue | 150rub | 1\10 part | S4=15rub |
nails | 1 furniture nail costs 33 kopecks | 6 pcs | S5=0.33х6=2rub |
Furniture varnish | 150 rub. | 1\10 part | S6=150:10=15rub |
Loops | 1 piece costs 5 rubles | 2 pcs | S7=2х5=10rub |
Total: | Stotal=S1+S2+S3+S4+S5+S6+S7 Stotal=42.8+18+15+2+3+15+10=106.80 Stotal = 106 rubles 80 kopecks |
4.2. Environmental assessment of the product.
The product is made from environmentally friendly materials that do not have a harmful effect on the environment.
4.3.Final control and evaluation of the project.
The shelf is ready. I believe that in general it meets the developed criteria. The product is economical, since not a lot of materials were spent on its production. Manufacturing technology includes operations that we have already mastered in technology lessons: marking, filing, stripping, sawing with a jigsaw, finishing. Since these operations are simple, not much time is spent on making a wall shelf.
In stores and on Internet sites, I looked at the prices for similar products and became convinced that my shelf was much cheaper. Of course, we should not forget that the price of a finished industrial product also includes energy costs, wages workers, sellers, delivery of goods to the store, etc.
The product is environmentally friendly as it is made of metal and wood.
As a test, we hung the shelf on the wall. All family members liked the shelf, because it not only fit harmoniously into the interior of the room, but also the books were placed well on it. And my sister was able to hang her awards on her.
1. G.M. Gavrilyuk, T.V. Strizhov “Worker Zoshit” Creative Project. 7-8 grades" - Kh., VG "Osnova", 2011
2. Textbook “Technology. Industrial technologists" 6-7kl
3.Internet resources.
4. Workbook on technology by P.S. Samorodsky. A.t. Tishchenko.
PHONE SHELF
Sadriev Bulat
MBOU "Nizhneoshminskaya Secondary School"
Mamadysh municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
hands Shakirov Damir Faritovich
Project theme: phone shelf
My mother liked the idea of making a phone rack for the hallway. She's really looking forward to seeing it in finished form.
The purpose of my work: to make a shelf for the phone.
Learn to design complex products.
Practice sawing skills with a jigsaw.
Learn how to join wood products.
Finish the finished wood product.
The main goal of my project is to make a simple, but at the same time beautiful and original phone shelf. Studying all the shelves I saw and reviewed, I designed my own version of a phone shelf.
The knowledge gained in the process of studying wood processing technology and my artistic skills turned out to be sufficient to take on this work.
Despite the apparent simplicity of manufacture, the shelves look very beautiful in the home interior. You can also decorate the stand with a small bouquet of flowers in a place specially equipped for this. In addition, it has a pen holder. At the same time, the stand is inexpensive to manufacture.
The main idea of the project is the thesis that essentially unnecessary things can be turned into something that will be useful in any home.
View document contents
"Project Plan"
Project Plan
Justification for choosing the project
History of development
Planning scheme
Phone shelf options
Product drawing
Product drawing
Materials used
Shelf manufacturing technology
Technological map
Safety regulations
Shelf mounting method
Production time
Product evaluation
Literature
Justification for choosing the project
The main goal of my project is to make a simple, but at the same time beautiful and original phone shelf. Studying all the shelves I saw and reviewed, I designed my own version of a phone shelf.
The knowledge gained in the process of studying wood processing technology and my artistic skills turned out to be sufficient to take on this work.
Despite the external prostate of manufacture, the shelf looks very beautiful in the home interior. You can also decorate the stand with a small pot of flowers in a place specially equipped for this. In addition, it has a pen holder. At the same time, the stand is inexpensive to manufacture.
The main idea of the project is the thesis that essentially unnecessary things can be turned into something that is useful in any home.
History of development
Man, as long as he can remember, has always begun to make his home cozy and beautiful. Many thousands of years ago, while still living in a cave, a primitive hunter began to depict people and animals on his walls. The stone scraper was the artist's first tool, and the canvas was granite and basalt. Then the most different materials: wood, metal, clay, bone, wool, glass, stone and even marsh grass.
Wood is one of the most common construction and ornamental materials, loved and widely used by man for many centuries. The abundance of forests made it possible to always have it at hand, and
Economic justification for the project
Cost calculation:
Cost = wood + varnish + screws + nails + glue
The cost of pine wood = 1500 rubles per 1 m 3
Wood cost =S 5 x 1500/m 3
S 1 +S 2 +S 3 +S 4 = S 5
S 1 = 0.02 x 0.45 x 0.25 = 0.00225 (m 3 )
S 2 = 0.02 x 0.2 x 0.25 = 0.002 (m 3 )
S 3 = 0.02 x 0.11 x 0.16 x 2 = 0.000292 (m 3 )
S 4 = 0.02 x 0.08 x 0.08 = 0.000292(m 3 )
S 5 = 0.004082 (m 3 )
Cost = 0.004082 x 1500 / 1m 3 = 6,123 rub.
The cost of varnish is 60 rubles per 1 liter.
The amount of varnish used was 163 ml.
The cost of the varnish was 10 rubles.
The cost of screws and nails was 2 rubles.
Total cost:
6, 12 + 10 + 2 + 1 (glue) = 19 rubles 12 kopecks
Municipal Autonomous Educational Institution
“Gymnasium No. 4 of Veliky Novgorod”
Creative project on technology
Topic: “Stand for mobile phone ”.
Completed by: student of class 8A
Berezin O.E.
Checked by: technology teacher
Shlyakova T. Yu.
Veliky Novgorod
2014
Introduction. Justification of the problem………………………………….1
Product design…………………………………………………….2
Product requirement……………………………………………….3
Tools and equipment………………………………………………………4
Materials………………………………………………………5
Safety regulations……………………………………………………..6
Technological map……………………………………...7, 8, 9,10
Environmental justification……..…………………………….11
Economic calculations……………………………………………………...11
Conclusion…………….…………………………………………..12
Information support…………………………………...12
1. Introduction.
Mobile phone stand - mobile phone stand . Made from natural wood, plywood, lining, etc.
Justification of the problem.
When I was choosing the theme of the project, I decided that I needed a stand for my cell phone. Today, a mobile phone is no longer a luxury, but a familiar means of communication for everyone. Users can make calls, send SMS messages, take photographs, listen to the player, and go online. From your mobile phone you can call an ambulance and contact emergency services. And so that your mobile phone doesn’t get lost at home and is always at hand, a stand for it will definitely come in handy.
Why I chose this product:
The mobile phone sits comfortably on the stand.
The stand is original design solution and an addition to any interior.
The product is easy to manufacture.
2. Product design.
3. Product requirements.
|
1. Product name |
“Mobile phone stand.” |
|
2. Functional purpose |
Mobile phone storage stand |
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3. User |
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4. Single or mass production |
Single |
|
5. Material requirements |
Affordable, durable. |
|
6. Manufacturing method |
Manual sawing with a jigsaw. |
|
7. Appearance, style |
Great design. |
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8. Requirement from the point of view of safety of use |
It has no sharp corners, is carefully sanded, so there are no splinters that can be caught, and is varnished. |
|
9. Environmental requirements |
Made from environmentally friendly material (plywood), |
4.Tools and equipment.
Tools are objects used to influence an object: measure it, study it.
1. A jigsaw is a hand tool with a replaceable saw blade, designed for curved sawing of plywood and thin boards.
2. Jigsaw files are a steel toothed blade that is used to cut a jigsaw.
3. Sandpaper - paper or fabric sprinkled with sandpaper or small broken glass over the glue.
4. Self-tapping screw - a fastener in the form of a rod with a head and a special external thread that forms an internal thread in the hole of the object being connected.
5. A drilling and cutting tool with a rotary cutting movement and an axial feeding movement, designed to make holes in a continuous layer of material.
6. Drill - a manual, pneumatic or electric tool designed for drilling holes during construction, finishing, carpentry, plumbing and other work
5. Materials.
Wood materials - structural, insulating and ornamental materials obtained by processing natural wood with binders, gluing, etc. Depending on the manufacturing method, wood materials are divided into pressed, impregnated, laminated wood, wood plastics and wood boards.
There are 2 materials from which you can make a key holder:
1) wood - a relatively hard and durable fibrous material, the main part of the trunks, branches and roots of trees and shrubs hidden by bark. Consists of countless tube-shaped cells with membranes mainly made of cellulose.
2) plywood - a multilayer building material made by gluing specially prepared veneer.
3) lining is a cladding board made of natural wood. It is often used for both external and internal finishing work. Most country houses and cottages are finished with clapboard, which is called siding, and it is also often used for the construction of various gazebos and bathhouses.
For the stand we choose 9 mm plywood, since plywood is light and durable.
6. Safety regulations.
Before starting work you must:
Organize your work clothes.
Prepare workplace to work.
Work with a jigsaw and awl with securely fastened and serviceable tools.
Securely attach the sawing table to the workbench.
Securely secure the file in the jigsaw frame.
Do not make sudden movements with the jigsaw when cutting, do not bend low over the workpiece.
Wear protective clothing.
Check inventory availability.
Firmly secure the workpiece in a vice.
Perform work only with serviceable, well-adjusted tools.
To avoid injury, be sure to:
A) instruments with pointed tails must be equipped with wooden, tight-fitting handles of a fixed shape without splits or cracks;
B) don’t get distracted while working;
C) when working with a hacksaw, make cuts, use devices.
12 . Do not check the quality of the treated surface with your fingers.
13. Use carpentry tools only for their intended purpose.
7 . Technological map.
|
Getting the job done |
image |
tools |
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Take a 9 mm piece of plywood – (300x580) |
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pencil |
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Prepare a jigsaw. |
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|
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Plane the wide part of the shoulder blade with a knife. |
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Sand the sawn product thoroughly. |
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Take a piece of plywood 5 mm - (200x300). |
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Mark the product with a pencil. |
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pencil |
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Prepare a jigsaw. |
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Cut out the product along the contour with a jigsaw. |
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Drill a hole with a hand drill in the outline for the handle. |
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Hand drill |
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Unscrew the jigsaw mounting bolt from either side. |
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pliers |
|
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Insert a jigsaw file into the drilled hole. |
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CREATIVE PROJECT
« »
Completed:
9th grade student
Rukavishnikov Arthur
Supervisor
Tkachuk Mikhail Petrovich
Petrovka 2013
Introduction
2. Design and modeling of a stand for writing instruments
3.4 Labor protection rules
Conclusion
References
Application
Introduction
Justification of the relevance of the topic.
A stand for pens and pencils is a surprising exception to the rules for choosing household accessories for furniture: it does not need ergonomics; it can hardly be called functional. At the same time, it is difficult to find a place in the house, at work, in the office or in the nursery on the desktop where a desk pencil holder would not fit in. This piece of furniture should always be at hand and fulfill all your desires; store all your writing utensils in one place, and simply decorate your desk. In a children's room, this item becomes an integral part of the children's desk, in the office it emphasizes the elegance and composure of the employee, and at work it keeps all the necessary writing tools in one place convenient for hands. Stands for pens and pencils are a good means of demonstrating products at a presentation, exhibition, or in a store. Stands for stationery save space in the display case, conveniently position the goods and allow you to navigate a wide range of products. Stands for pens can be single or group, vertical, horizontal or inclined. As a rule, single stands are used for expensive pens to emphasize their value; for pens produced in mass quantities, group stands are used to reflect their differences, for example, to show the color scheme.
The topic of the project is “Technology for making stands for pens and pencils.”
Project goals – To use the ability to use technical literature, to study the relevance of using a stand for writing instruments in everyday life.
Project objectives – To use practical skills in turning, grinding, and applying geometric carvings.
The purpose of the research is to develop a creative project for making a stand for pens and pencils.
The object of study is the manufacture of solid wood products.
The subject of the research is the technology of manufacturing stands for pens and pencils.
Research objectives:
1. Study and analysis of special and technological literature
2. Conducting research into the needs of this product and the history of this problem
3. Search for the optimal version of this product and evaluation of more suitable materials
4. Development of the most effective technology for manufacturing the product
5. Manufacture of the product in accordance with the scientific organization and labor protection rules
Methods: study of literature on the research topic; comparison of various technologies for making stands for pens and pencils; mastering methods and techniques for making stands for pens and pencils.
1. Analysis of the problem and historical aspects
1.1 Brief historical overview
The history of the emergence of a stand for writing instruments should be considered in parallel with the emergence of the writing instruments themselves. Therefore, let us consider the origin of the pencil and the history of the origin of the ballpoint pen.
The history of the pencil begins in the 11th century. Artists then drew mainly with sticks made from a mixture of lead and zinc, sometimes called “silver pencils.”
Graphite pencils have been known since the 16th century. English shepherds from the Cumberland area found a dark mass in the ground, which they used to mark sheep. At first, due to its color similar to that of lead, the deposit was mistaken for deposits of this mineral used for casting balls. But, having determined the unsuitability of the new material for these purposes, they began to make thin sticks with pointed ends from it and used them for drawing. Such sticks were soft, dirty your hands and were suitable for drawing, but not for writing. In the XVIII century. graphite was usually sold on the streets. Buyers, mostly artists, squeezed these graphite sticks between pieces of wood or twigs, wrapped them in paper or tied them with string.
The first document to mention a wooden pencil dates back to 1683. In Germany, the production of graphite pencils began in Nuremberg. The Germans figured out mixing graphite powder with sulfur and glue, thus obtaining a rod that was not of the highest quality, but at a lower price. To hide this, pencil manufacturers resorted to various tricks. Pieces of pure graphite were inserted into the wooden body of the pencil on both sides, and in the middle there was a low-quality artificial rod. Sometimes the inside of the pencil was completely empty. It is clear that the so-called “Nuremberg product” did not enjoy a good reputation.
The modern pencil was invented in 1794 by the French scientist and inventor Nicolas Jacques Conte. At the end of the 18th century. The English Parliament introduced the most severe ban on the export of precious graphite from Cumberland. Violation of this prohibition was punished very severely, including the death penalty. But, despite this, graphite continued to be smuggled into continental Europe, which led to a sharp increase in its price. Following the instructions of the French, Conte developed a recipe for mixing graphite with clay and producing high-quality rods from these materials. By processing at high temperatures, high strength was achieved, but even more important was the fact that changing the proportion of the mixture made it possible to make rods of different hardness, which served as the basis modern classification pencils by hardness (T, M, TM or in the English version: H - hard, B - soft, HB - medium hard). The numbers in front of the letters indicate further degrees of softness or hardness. This depends on the percentage of graphite in the mixture, which also affects the color of the lead (lead) - the more graphite, the darker and softer the pencil lead.
Modern leads use polymers, which make it possible to achieve the desired combination of strength and elasticity, making it possible to produce very thin leads for mechanical pencils (up to 0.3 mm).
The usual hexagonal shape of the pencil body was proposed at the end of the 11th century. Count Lothar von Fabercastle, noticing that round pencils often rolled off old surfaces. 2/3 of the material that makes up a simple pencil goes to waste when it is sharpened. This prompted the American Alonso Cros, a pioneer of modern writing instruments, to create a metal pencil in 1869. The graphite rod was placed in a metal tube and could be extended to the appropriate length as needed.
This humble beginning influenced the development of a whole group of products that are used everywhere today. The simplest design is a mechanical pencil with a 2mm lead, where the rod is held by metal clamps (collets) - a collet pencil. The collets open slightly when you press a button on the end of the pencil, which leads to the extension of the lead to a length adjusted by the owner of the pencil.
Modern mechanical pencils are more advanced. Each time you press the button, a small section of lead is automatically fed. These pencils do not need to be sharpened, they are equipped with a built-in eraser and have different fixed line thicknesses (0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1mm).
2. Design and modeling of a stand for writing instruments
2.1 Designing a stand for writing instruments
The parameters of the stand are a very important detail in its manufacture. They may be different. Correctly selected parameters allow the stand to fit into the desktop environment. They make it one with the existing office supplies on the desk.
The dimensions, first of all, depend on the size and dimensions of the desktop, and the objects next to which the pencil holder will be located. What size should it be? The stand is needed to accommodate the tools necessary for writing, so that it blends into the overall interior of the table and even the room. Since it will hold pens and pencils, it shouldn’t be big. Its upper part should approximately accommodate at least eight medium-sized pens and pencils in length and one or two rows along the length for a rectangular stand. If the stand is round, then it should accommodate at least fifteen medium-sized writing instruments.
Thus, the stand should be somewhat roomy, but not bulky. The best option is if it has 8-12 places for writing instruments. Writing instruments lined up in a row will look great. After 2cm in length.
It follows from this that the length of our stand will be 16-24cm. Width 3cm. Depth 4cm. In order for the stand to look elegant, we will install it on turned stands attached to a decorative board for stability. Exceeding the main stand by 3cm, and shorter in length by 4cm. From all this it follows that the overall dimensions will be as follows. Height 8.5cm, length 24cm, width 7.5cm.
2.2 Schematic design. Selection and justification of the optimal solution option
What shape is preferable for a stand for pens and pencils? If we focus on the rapid development of all technologies and fashion that does not stand still, we can conclude that the shape of the stand should be unusual, but at the same time harmonize with the interior of the apartment. It is known that the symmetry of rectangular shapes remains a classic in the market and in simple life. To do this, you will need to find a compromise between the symmetry and plasticity of the shapes of objects and elements, which will give the stand attractiveness and individuality.
Now the task is to imagine in space what our stand for pens and pencils will look like. To do this, you need to consider several options and choose the most attractive and optimal option. Appendices 1, 2, 3.
So, after considering the three proposed options and interviewing several people, we will settle on table number 1. The chosen stand is the most attractive and elegant compared to the other two. She combines both elements of symmetry and elements of plasticity, which speaks of her individuality. This stand for writing instruments will fit perfectly into any apartment interior, it will be easy to handle and practical to use.
During the process of making a stand, new ideas and solutions may come up. Changing the basic design of the stand is possible, but first it is necessary to carefully analyze whether they are really worth implementing.
When you have to dissolve some unsuccessful fragment several times, take several days to decide, all this is tiring. But what a pleasure the final result brings. The most beautiful thing in creativity is the search. Here you need to show not only patience, luck, perseverance, but also invention, imagination, and perseverance in achieving the goal.
2.3 Economic calculations. Calculation of the basic cost of the product
Having considered all aspects of making a stand for pens and pencils, you can begin economic calculations.
To make the stand you will need a solid wood block 60x45x250 mm worth 0.95 grams, as well as a solid wood board 80x30x200 worth 0.67 grams.
2 euroscrews for 60 mm costing 0.30 g;
Varnish NTs 218 – 0.1 kg, cost 2.2 g;
Sanding paper 0.1 sq. m cost 2.50 g;
PVA carpentry glue – 0.1 kg, cost 1.8 g;
Brushes: narrow flute - 2.5 gr.
The total costs for all material were -10.92 g
3. Manufacturing technology of a writing stand
3.1 Development of a technological map
Technological map
Making a stand for writing instruments
Blank laminated solid wood panel
material
Scale 1:10
Sequence of operations
Graphic representation
Equipment, tools
1. Selection of bars and boards
2. Marking all elements
Ruler, pencil, compass
3. Cutting elements to size
Jigsaw, circular saw.
4. Processing, geometric carving
Grinding machines, cutter
5. Cleaning of product elements
Sanding paper
6. Turning round footrests
Electric drill, bench.
7. Dry assembly
Electric drill, wrench for Euroscrews
8. Assembly with glue
PVA glue, brush
9. Grinding and cleaning of the product
Sanding paper
10. Stain treatment
airbrush
11. Drying the product
12. Varnish coating
Varnish NTs 218, brushes (wide and narrow flange)
3.2 Workplace organization
Before you begin practical work it is necessary to properly organize the workplace, which will be the basis for highly productive work, with the least amount of time spent. The requirements for organizing a workplace are as follows: general requirements:
· Before starting work, the workplace must be carefully prepared, tools and equipment must be checked and arranged in the order necessary for work;
· Only items necessary to complete a given task are placed at the workplace;
· All items that are required when working with the left hand are placed on the left, and the right ones on the right;
· Frequently used objects are placed closer to the performer, and rarely used ones are placed further away, but no more than at arm's length;
· Each item must have its own permanent place; tools cannot be placed on top of each other or on metal objects;
· Drawings and other technical documentation must be placed on frames and mounted for convenience above the workbench (machine);
· At the end of the work, the workplace is thoroughly cleaned, tools and equipment are thoroughly wiped, checked and placed in the designated place.
Organization of the workplace when applying markings.
To obtain high-quality and accurate blanks, it is necessary to select timber (logs, beams, boards) that meet the required size, quality and quantity. Taking into account the strictest economy in timber, it is necessary to select them in advance so that when cutting into blanks, a minimum amount of waste is obtained, and the blanks themselves must be free of defects that negatively affect the quality of the finished product.
Organizing a workplace when working with a milling machine.
Before starting work, carry out an external inspection and check the reliability of fastening of parts. If there is no grease on the guide columns, apply a thin layer of it to the work surface.
Connect the machine to the network with a plug, check its operation at idle for 20 s. Disconnect the machine from the mains using the plug.
Organization of the workplace when cleaning and polishing the product.
Cleaning up. The surface of the wood is usually smoothed with a sander (short plane) with a straight and sharp blade. The humpback must be very tightly fitted to the piece of iron (incisor), which is installed at an angle of up to 60°. The gap size should not exceed 5 mm. After cleaning with a pin, the surface of the wood should be even, smooth and free of burrs, even in places where there is curling.
The cleaned surface is scraped with a hand scraper, which is a thin rectangular steel plate measuring 150 X 90 X (0.8-1.5) mm. The cutting part of the cycle (long) is sharpened at a right angle so that it forms two sharp rectangular edges without burrs. Then the rib is covered with a rod drawn obliquely along the rib so that a thin blade is formed on the edge. Work in cycles with a “toward” movement, in the direction of the fibers.
Grinding. Sanding is used to level surfaces and eliminate paint defects - craters, bubbles, shagreen and waviness - after applying primer, putty, the first layer of varnish or paint.
Grinding is performed in two ways: manually or on machines (belt or cylinder).
Coatings are usually sanded wet - using grinding liquids (kerosene, turpentine, etc.), or dry - without the use of liquids. Dust or dirt formed on the surface during grinding is removed with a rag.
The surface of the wood is sanded first with coarse-grained sandpaper, then with medium-grained sandpaper and finally with fine-grained sandpaper. Manual sanding of the wood surface consists of the following: take a smooth wooden block, wrap it in sandpaper, and only after that do you start working directly. You need to grind without much effort (pressure), since with strong pressure the quality of grinding deteriorates. Before finishing sanding, the surface of the wood is moistened with water to lift the pile; The raised pile can be easily removed with sandpaper. A well sanded surface should be smooth, clean and silky to the touch.
Pastes, powders and sandpapers containing abrasives in the form of small grains with sharp edges are used as grinding materials. Abrasives can be artificial (alundum) and natural (corundum, silicon, pumice, tripoli).
Grinding pastes consist of small abrasive grains ground on binding materials (oil, wax, paraffin) designed to evenly distribute the abrasives in the paste. Turpentine, white spirit, gasoline and kerosene are used to dissolve pastes; Water serves as a diluent.
Sanding powder is dry abrasive grains. Paint and varnish coatings are sanded with a powder made mainly from pumice, with grains sifted through a sieve with 1700 holes/cm 2. Powder grinding is carried out using the wet method; oil, water, turpentine and kerosene are used as a wetting liquid.
Abrasive cloths are a base on which the abrasive grains are secured with a bonding material. Skins are produced on a linen and paper basis in rolls and sheets; Calico, calico, etc. are used as a linen base; as paper - paper (GOST 6124-52). Depending on the binding material, skins can be waterproof or non-waterproof; Based on the type of abrasives used, corundum, glass, silicon skins, etc. are distinguished.
Organization of the workplace when gluing parts.
To obtain a high-quality adhesive joint, you must carefully adjust the surfaces to be glued to each other. The adhesive joint will be strong enough if the adhesive seam is thin and uniform in thickness. The uniformity of the thickness of the adhesive layer depends on the method of its application and pressing pressure. The moisture content of the wood also affects the strength of the adhesive joint. Thus, the highest quality joint is formed at 8-15% wood moisture; at lower humidity, some adhesives cure slowly, and at high humidity, the joint turns out to be of poor quality.
Amount of glue applied. The glue should be applied evenly to the surface of the wooden elements to be glued to form a continuous and thin adhesive layer. Excessive amounts of glue form uneven clumps, which significantly reduces the quality of the adhesive seam. During hot curing, glue is usually consumed less than during cold curing, so where possible, the hot curing method should be used. When gluing bar parts, glue is applied to one of the surfaces to be glued.
3.3 Sequence of making a stand for writing instruments
To make a stand for writing instruments, a wooden block 60x45x250 mm and a solid board 80x30x200 were required; they were purchased at the Construction Materials store.
1. We mark the workpiece according to geometric parameters, then cut it out. And
2. We grind with sandpaper.
3. Using the turning method, we make footrests for the main part of the stand.
4. We apply geometric carvings to the main part of the stand and to the stability board.
5. Coat the parts to be joined with PVA glue and fasten with Euroscrews.
6. On the main stand, mark the centers of future holes at 1cm intervals and carry out drilling.
7. We finally sand the product by hand using fine sandpaper.
8. Coat the product with varnish and dry it.
9. The product is ready for use
3.4 Labor protection rules
The main causes of injuries in woodworking shops are improper placement of equipment; absence or imperfection of fences; unsatisfactory condition of the starting equipment; poor student knowledge of safe work practices and insufficient teacher supervision of compliance with safety rules.
Equipment in workshops should be arranged in such a way that the most convenient passages are possible. Basic safety rules should be posted at each workplace (at machines). It is prohibited to clean, lubricate or remove chips while the machine is running, etc.
4. Mini marketing research
The whole problem with this topic is that not many people can afford to purchase such a thing as a stand for pens and pencils. After all, its price ranges from several hundred rubles to two or more. Depending on the needs and requests of customers, the price decreases or increases.
When surveying stationery sellers and stores, we found out that many people buy stands for pens and pencils along with office supplies, but are not always satisfied with the shape or size of the furniture accessories purchased.
After talking with relatives and friends, we managed to find out that the products offered are not always different high quality. And since a simple, average person cannot always afford an expensive purchase, he begins to choose from more affordable options, which sometimes does not satisfy the needs of the buyer. And he begins to look for other options to achieve his goal.
In a conversation with teachers on woodworking technology, it became clear that achieving the task was feasible through one’s own skills and abilities. After all, you can make the required item to complement the furniture yourself, without spending a lot of money and time. Moreover, in this way you can achieve any set goal and produce your plan by designing just the necessary image and calculating the costs of production. Which can be much cheaper than buying in stores or salons.
Therefore, this project suggests making a stand for stationery yourself without any special costs.
Conclusion
During the project
MKOU "Krasnologskaya Secondary School"
Creative project on technology
SHELF FOR PHONE
Completed by an 11th grade student
Gorin Dmitry
Technology teacher
Avdeev Viktor Ignatievich
2012
Project content
*Technological manufacturing sequence
*Relevance of the problem
* Economic costs.
*Model selection
*Project description
*Project assessment and self-assessment
*Trademark
CREATIVE PROJECT
Sketch of the future
products (options)
Preparation
Construction
models on
separate sheet
Manufacturing technology
Economic
costs for
product
Finishing of the finished product
Working with a jigsaw, detail processing of product parts
Protection of the finished project, answers to questions
Relevance of the problem.
I need to make a shelf for my phone. I selected several options (Fig. 1, 2, 3).
During technology lessons, I thought through a plan for working on a project,
I picked up a few pieces of chipboard that were suitable for the job. You will also need screws to hold the shelf parts tightly, and finishing paper for the ends.
Economic costs.
I selected the chipboard for my product from waste materials; they were suitable in size and quality. This is beneficial from all sides:
There is no need to use additional building material, which
will go for bigger things;
No need to spend cash;
Thanks to the rational use of wood, additional
Natural resources are saved, which causes approval from the technology teacher.
A few screws will cost me around 15-20 rubles.
Hook 50 rubles
To illuminate the teaching workshop for several hours,
electricity will be required. It can be calculated Sez (average economic costs)
Sez = 12 electric lamps X 100 W X 2 hours = 2400 W or 2.4 kW
2.4 kW X 1.78 rub. = 4.28 rub.
PVA glue 50 gr. costs 18 rubles
Total costs will cost about 90 -100 rubles.
In a store, such a product will cost 900-1500 rubles.
Environmental properties of the product.
In the lessons of technology, geography, etc. we learn about how rich our country is in natural resources that need to be used rationally. Scientists in our country are creating waste-free technologies,
create artificial materials that replace natural ones.
When completing educational assignments in technology lessons, the teacher suggests using wood waste. New furniture was brought to our school.
We did not throw away the tables and chairs, but sorted them and used them to make crafts.
The telephone shelf is made of wood. There was no harmful impact on the environment during the manufacturing process. Since the product is made from wood residues, no damage was caused to natural resources.
MODEL SELECTION
Description of the project.
We select 2 blanks measuring 20 x 350x260 mm and 2 blanks measuring 20 x 250x250 mm and one blank 350x350x20 mm
Let's prepare a template for the shelves and side racks.
We mark 2 parts 20 x 350x200 mm in width and length with a pencil and a ruler according to the template.
Saw off the excess with a jigsaw, maintaining the markings.
Mark two parts 20 x 350 x 250 mm according to the template. Cut off the allowances along the line with a jigsaw. Clean the ends with a file and sandpaper.
Mark the workpiece 350x350x20 mm, process the ends.
Mark the centers for fastening the parts of the product (Fig. 2) for the screws with a ruler, pencil, or square.
Connect the parts together using glue and screws.
In order to securely attach the shelf to the wall with nails or self-tapping screws, it is necessary to mark the centers for the holes with a ruler, pencil, or square.
Clean and sand surfaces.
Prepare strips of decorative paper for finishing the ends of the required length and height of 20mm.
Cover the ends with paper and let the glue dry. The shelf is ready.
Project evaluation and self-assessment.
The task is to make a product fromwood waste:
- technologymaking a shelf is simple and accessible to students
This product does not require large material costs.
It gives you the opportunity to decorate not only your home, but also sell it on the market.
Raw materialsfor making the shelf - wood waste.
1. The task assigned to us: to develop, think through the design and manufacture a shelf from waste wood - has been completed.
2. The technology for making a shelf is simple and accessible to students starting
from 6th grade.
3. If manufactured with high quality, it will be in demand in the market.
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