Mechanics check and, if necessary, adjust the voltage in the TG transmission and reception circuits and the correctness of their connection.
After entering into communication, the mechanics of the TG stations check the correctness of the control text.
During operation, visual monitoring of the optical signaling is carried out, as well as periodic measurement voltages, currents and levels at control points.
For more complete adjustment of telegraph channels and equipment with determination of the amount of distortion, TG signal distortion meters are used, for example, ETI-69, ETI-64, IK-ZU-1, IK-1U. These devices include a test signal sensor and an IKI edge distortion meter.
3.3. Performance characteristics of ETI-69
Purpose:
The ETI-69 device is intended for measuring distortions of telegraph messages, testing telegraph channels, equipment and relays.
The device provides measurement of distortions of telegraph messages in start-stop mode at fixed speeds of 50, 75, 100, 150, 203 baud.
The device provides for measuring distortions of telegraph messages in start-stop mode with smooth speed adjustment.
The device allows you to measure distortions of telegraph messages in synchronous mode, as well as in duration measurement mode in a smooth speed range from 44 to 112 Baud and with the ability to smoothly adjust speeds 150, 200, 300 Baud in the range from +12 to -12%.
The deviation of fixed speed ratings in start-stop mode does not exceed ±0.2% at normal temperatures, ±0.5% at extreme operating temperatures.
The device uses a discrete method of counting the measured value of edge distortion through 2% within the entire elementary frame at all speeds and through 1% within half of the elementary frame. The distortion value is calculated using the displayed numbers from 0 to ± 25% with the possibility of increasing the division value and measurement limit by 2 times.
The error of the measuring part when measuring distortions from its own sensor at speeds up to 200 Baud when reading every 2% does not exceed ±2%, when reading every 1% - ±1%; at speeds of 200 and 300 Baud, this error is ± 3% when reading every 2% and ± 2% when reading every 1%.
The operational error of the device in synchronous mode when receiving from the sensor of another device during a measurement session corresponding to the transmission of 1000 elementary parcels, at a telegraph speed of 50 baud, when counting after 2% does not exceed ±3%, and when counting through 1% - ±2%.
The device records the value of general or start-stop distortions or their maximum value during a measurement session.
The device provides measurement of distortions of the fronts of each of the start-stop cycle messages.
The device allows you to divide distortions into random, characteristic and predominant with determination of their sign.
The input device of the device provides reception at speeds up to 100 Baud of rectangular and rounded parcels in single-pole mode and reception of bipolar parcels at all speeds. The minimum current of the input device in double-pole mode is 2 mA, in single-pole mode 5 mA.
The input device of the device is symmetrical and provides the possibility of parallel and serial connection to the measured circuit at the following gradations of input resistance: 25, 10, 3, 1 and 0.1 k0m. The input device is designed for the use of linear voltages in the tested circuits up to 130V in single-pole mode and up to ±80V in bipolar mode.
The device's test signal sensor produces the following types of signals:
Press "+";
Pressing "-";
- “1:1” (dots);
Text "RY" by international code No. 2, as well as combinations of “P” and “Y” separately;
Automatically alternating combinations "5:1"
The error of the bipolar messages generated by the device does not exceed 1%.
The sensor produces single-pole signals with a voltage of 120 ± 30 V and two-pole signals with a voltage of ±60 ± 15 V at a load current of 0 to 50 mA, as well as single-pole and double-pole signals with a voltage of 20 + 6-8 V at a load current of 0 to 25 mA. The output impedance of the device is no more than 200 Ohms.
The device sensor also operates in breaker mode when connected to the output terminals of the device with a load with an external source of line voltage up to 130 V.
The device sensor has overload protection, short circuit alarm and protection against polarity changes of linear power supplies.
The device provides the ability to introduce distortion into the signals of its own sensor up to 95%, as well as an external sensor within the range of up to 92% - in steps of 10 and 1%.
The introduced distortions are distortions of the dominance type with manual installation of any of their signs, as well as with automatic change of the dominance sign up to ±89% within the duration of the start-stop cycle up to ±50%.
The device provides a performance test in the “ON YOURSELF” mode.
The device with a relay testing unit allows you to check and adjust the neutrality, recoil and bounce of telegraph relays of the RP-3 type
The neutrality and return of the relay are checked using rectangular bursts in operating, test and dynamic modes.
The device is powered from an alternating current network of 127+13-25 V or 220+22-44 V, with a frequency of 50 Hz.
The power consumed by the device at the rated mains voltage does not exceed 100 VA.
Overall dimensions of the device are 220x335x420 mm. Weight no more than 21 kg.
Overall dimensions of the BIR block are 225X130X125 mm. Weight 1.6 kg.
The operating temperature range of the device is from -10 to +50°C.
Product composition
The product includes:
Device ETI-69;
Relay test unit;
Connecting cords;
Set of spare parts;
Device cover ETI-69;
Operational documentation
Stowage box.
Scheme for switching on the ETI device when carrying out various measurements
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3.4. Methodology for measuring distortions in telegraph channels
The measurement is carried out in a four-wire, double-pole mode of telegraph outputs at a line voltage of 20V, input resistance of 1 kOhm, CHANNEL mode. The distortion device of the device in channel mode is included in the receiving part, its regulator must be set to position 0. The measuring device is connected to the switching sockets to which the inputs (outputs) of telegraph channels are connected. The terminal telegraph equipment is turned off. From the distortion meter sensor, a pressing signal “+” is sent to the telegraph channel, then “-”. When changing the polarity of the currents, it is necessary to make sure that the milliapermeter needle of the distortion meter deviates in the appropriate direction and by approximately the same amount. Having received the “+” and “-” presses from the opposite station and thus ensured that a telegraph communication channel is available, you should adjust the telegraph channel to a minimum of dominance. To do this, set the switches of the distortion meter to the CHANNEL 1:1 position, the nominal speed for this channel, DURATION, without memorizing.
L 147227 Class 21 a, 7 o 5 USSR DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AUTHOR'S TV GOES dangerous group Vb A. B Brusilovsky, j. A. Ber and S. Yu. Zlkind S. Bleikhma ach an, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ERENIA THE SENDING OF THE BODILES OF THE EGRAPHS 96., yr. for 7332 discoveries under the Council of Ministers 1 b / 26-9 of the Ministers Declared on June 3rd of inventions to the Committee of 2nd year. 70 likoveno Yu; 1 LETEN afic pana half-distribution measurements of combustion x combustion of omdut pulses, input divider on M shift islands. 4 and 5, amplifier 9, storage, shift register 13 zhenies are made on the hysteresis layer. Distortions on the indicator located in the form of scale divisions K% ly There are known devices for measuring distortions of telegrams in synchronous and start-stop modes, made on conductor devices and ferrites with PPG and including on two parallel shift registers. The accuracy of such devices is low. To increase the measurement accuracy, ensure the convenience of reading the amount of distortion and the independence of the reading from the subjective error of the observer, a device is proposed that uses a matrix circuit of a start-stop discrete indicator on neon lamps. To ensure a certain duration of reliable extinguishing of neon lamps, as well as increasing the duration of frost in the device a single-vibrator on transistors, a ctor and a storage device from I cells are used. The skeletal diagram of a start-stop-synchronous discrete distortion meter is shown in the drawing. The device contains a clock generator 1, a clock device 2, a storage device 3, distributions, made in the form of two parallel regiswitch devices b and /, SS circuit diagram 8, b 10, forming devices 11, indicator switch 14. The indicated units of the meter are semiconductors and ferrites with a rectangular looper made on neon lamps. The indicator is counted along the neon lamps, a matrix consisting of M vertical buses. 300147227 In the synchronous operating mode, one horizontal of the matrix is used. In the start-stop operating mode, it is possible to measure the distortions of each elementary parcel. For this, the matrix contains six horizontals, each of which corresponds to a serial number of the studied parcels of the start-stop combination. The investigated telegraph parcels arrive at the input device 2, which converts the incoming rectangular signals into a sequence of short pulses corresponding to the characteristic recovery moments (CHM) of the incoming parcels, synchronized with the clock pulses of generator 1. Each CMV following the start transition is recorded in storage device 3. When the pulse coming from the output of device 3 and the distributor pulse (registers 4 and 5) coincide in time, a signal is generated that is supplied to the corresponding element of the drive 10 through the key device 7. Thus, the CMV is fixed in the drive 10 depending on its offset from the ideal position. The number of storage elements corresponds to the scale division of the device. After the CMV offset is recorded in one of the elements of the drive 10, the storage device 3 returns to its original state. After some time, the coincidence circuit 8 is triggered. The amplifier 9 reads information from the drive 10 into the forming circuit 11 and advances the information in register 13. The forming circuit 11 contains L 1 monovibrators on two semiconductor triodes. Each monostable controls a high-voltage semiconductor triode that controls the ignition of a neon indicator lamp. This ensures reliable ignition and extinguishing of the neon lamp. When measuring in the start-stop mode, the distributor is started (registers 4 and 5) by the start-stop trigger 15 at the moment the stop-start transition arrives at input device 2. The distributor stops after the passage of six and a half elementary parcels. To determine the moment of stopping, register 13 is used, containing seven elements. The same register is used to control switch 14, which serves to switch the horizontal rows of the indicator matrix. Since the coincidence circuit 8 and the amplifier 9 operate in the middle of the incoming messages of the start-stop combination, the switching of the horizontal rows of the indicator matrix occurs in the middle of the elementary messages. This allows the measurement process and the indication process to be separated in time. Neon lamps burn for the same amount of time, regardless of the magnitude of the distortion. The described device provides measurement of distortion of telegraph messages at telegraph speeds of up to 1000 baud with a measurement error of up to 2%. The device can find wide application at telegraph stations and in laboratory conditions. Subject of the invention 1, A device for measuring distortions of telegraph parcels in synchronous and start-stop modes, made on semiconductor devices and ferrites with PPG, including a distributor on two parallel shift registers, including This is due to the fact that, in order to1472)7 increase the measurement accuracy, ensure the convenience of reading the magnitude of distortion and the independence of the reading from the subjective error of the observer, it uses a matrix circuit of a start-stop discrete indicator on neon lamps, consisting of M vertical100-- /o - scale division value) and six horizontal bars, at the intersection of which indicator paws are inserted, each corresponding to a certain amount of distortion of the code combination message. 2. Device according to and, 1, differing in that, in order to ensure a certain duration of reliable ignition and extinguishing of neo. new lamps, as well as increasing their burning duration, it uses a single-vibrator on transistors, which supplies control pulses to the vertical buses of the matrix, a switch and a drive of M cells, switching six horizontal buses of the matrix and synchronizing the moments of their switching with the corresponding midpoints of the elementary parcels. Compiled by G. E. Emelyanov Editor N. S. Kutafina Technical editor A. A Kamyshnikova Proofreader V, Andrianova Subp. to the stove 7 1-62 g. Bmm format. 70 K 108/c Volume 0.26 ed. l. Zach. 6023 Circulation 800 Price 4 kopecks. CBTI Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of Ministers of the USSR Moscow, Center, M. Cherkassky per., 2/6. Printing house CBTI, Moscow, Petrovka, 14.
Bid
733226, 03.06.1961
Berkman N. A, Brusilovsky K. A, Bleichman V. S, Pugach A. B, Elkind S. Yu
IPC / Tags
Link code
Device for measuring distortion of telegraph parcels
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Patent number: 198385
Discrete signals transmitted through circuits and communication channels are subject to distortion and various types of interference, as a result of which received pulses may differ from transmitted ones in shape, duration and polarity.
The shape of the received pulse can be easily restored using, for example, a relay, a trigger and similar elements. However, the process of restoring the shape may be accompanied by an additional change in the duration of the received pulse, since these elements have a finite sensitivity (operation threshold).
With the correct response threshold ln of the relay element, the pulses are recorded without distortion and are only shifted relative to those transmitted for a time (Fig. 37a). Shifting the response threshold leads to a change in the duration of the recorded pulse. An increase in the threshold entails a shortening of the current pulses (Fig. 37b), and a decrease in the threshold leads to their lengthening (Fig. 37c).
A change in the duration of received pulses is usually called edge distortion, which manifests itself in the lengthening or shortening of a given pulse due to the corresponding shortening or lengthening of adjacent messages.
The shortening of a burst can reach such a value (shaded part) that it will not be recorded by the recording element, and instead of, for example, a current burst and the following non-current bursts with a duration of each td, one current burst with a duration of 2td will be recorded. Thus, an error may occur when receiving a pulse, which is called a pulse error. The latter can lead to a sign error when, instead of the transmitted combination of one message character, another character is recorded (for example, in the figure, instead of the combination IOII, IIII is recorded).
An error can also occur in another way (Fig. 38), for example, when the sending is exposed to strong interference of sufficient duration and opposite polarity. Distortions, called crushing distortions, occur if the duration of such interference is tdr< Thus, errors in reception and distortion of pulses are caused by various manifestations of the same interfering causes present in the channel. During operation, the main parameters to be monitored are reliability and edge distortion. Reliability is quantified through error rates for single elements and alphabetic characters. It is a generalized parameter characterizing the quality of transmitted information. Acceptable error rate limits are set depending on the transmission speed. Indirectly, reliability is determined by edge distortions. Although there is no one-to-one correspondence between edge distortions and an error (incorrectly received symbol), it can be said with a high degree of probability that errors will appear when edge distortions exceed the permissible norm. According to their properties, edge distortions are usually divided into three groups: dominance distortions (n), characteristic (x) and random (c) distortions. This does not take into account the distortions introduced by the transmitting and receiving devices of the terminal equipment. A feature of dominance distortions is the constancy of their magnitude and sign over time. They can be eliminated by making appropriate adjustments to the receiving device when tuning the channel. A feature of characteristic distortions is the dependence of their magnitude on the nature of the transmitted pulse sequence. These distortions are determined by transient processes in communication channels and circuits. The magnitude of random distortions, usually caused by interference, is random and varies over time according to various laws. It should be noted that, in a strict sense, characteristic distortions of dominance also arise by chance. However, they can always be eliminated with appropriate adjustments. In a discrete channel, the relative degree of its own isochronous (synchronous) and start-stop distortions is normalized. Depending on the number of simple channels at the nominal transmission rate, distortion should not exceed the values specified in Table 6. For switched channels, you should be guided by the permissible norm for one simple channel, and for non-switched channels - the norm for seven simple channels. Table 6. Number of simple channels Permissible relative degree of edge distortion Isochronous (synchronous) start-stop When transmitting discrete signals at speeds of 200, 600, 1200 baud over PM channels, relative individual distortions should not exceed 20, 30, 35%, respectively, for switched and non-switched channels. Distortions introduced by switching devices should not exceed 2%, and by the telegraph apparatus transmitter during manual and automatic operation - 5% when setting up the device and 8% during operation. Class 21a 7o5 Subscription group M 86 A. B. Pugach, K. A. Brusilovsky, N. A. Berkman, V. S. Bleichman and S. Yu. Zlkind DEVICE FOR MEASUREMENT OF TELEGRAPH DISTORTION Declared on June 3, 196, under Xe 733226/26-9 to the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of Ministers of the USSR There are known devices for measuring distortions of telegraph messages in synchronous and start-stop modes, made on semiconductor devices and ferrites with PPG and including a distributor on two parallel shift registers. The measurement accuracy of such devices is low. To improve the measurement accuracy, ensure the convenience of reading the distortion value and the independence of the reading from the subjective error of the observer, a device is proposed that uses a matrix circuit of a start-stop discrete indicator on neon lamps. To ensure a certain duration of reliable ignition and extinguishing of neon lamps, as well as to increase the duration of their burning, the device uses a one-shot transistor, a switch and a storage device made of M cells. The skeletal diagram of a discrete-action start-stop-synchronous distortion meter is shown in the drawing. The device contains a clock pulse generator 1, an input device 2, a memory device 3, a distributor for M outputs, made in the form of two parallel shift registers 4 and 5, key devices b and 7, a matching circuit 8, an amplifier 9, a storage device 10, and shaping devices 11, indicator 12, shift register 18 and switch 14. The specified distortion meter nodes are made on semiconductors and ferrites with a rectangular hysteresis loop. The indicator is made using neon lamps. The distortion on the indicator is measured by the combustion of neon lamps arranged in the form of a matrix consisting of M vertical buses. The scale division price is 100 lv.” In synchronous operation mode, one horizontal matrix is used. In the start-stop operating mode, it is possible to measure the distortions of each elementary parcel. For this purpose, the matrix contains six horizontal lines, each of which corresponds to the serial number of the studied parcels of the start-stop combination. The telegraph parcels under study arrive at the input device 2, which converts the incoming rectangular signals into a sequence of short pulses corresponding to the characteristic recovery moments (CHM) of the incoming parcels, synchronized with the clock pulses of the generator 1. Each CMT following the start transition is recorded in the memory device 8. When the pulse coming from the output of device 8 and the distributor pulse (registers 4 and 5) coincide in time, a signal is generated that is supplied to the corresponding element of the drive 10 through the key device 7. Thus, the CMV is fixed in the drive 10 depending on its offset from the ideal position. The number of storage elements corresponds to the scale division of the device. After the CMV offset is recorded in one of the elements of the drive 10, the storage device 8 returns to its original state. After some time, the coincidence circuit 8 is triggered. The amplifier 9 reads information from the drive 10 into the forming circuit 11 and advances the information in register 18. The forming circuit 11 contains X monostables on two semiconductor triodes. Each one-shot device controls a high-voltage semiconductor triode that controls the ignition of the neon indicator lamp. This ensures reliable ignition and extinguishing of the neon lamp. When measuring in start-stop mode, the distributor is started (registers 4 and 5) by start-stop trigger 15 at the moment the stop-start transition arrives at input device 2. The distributor stops after the passage of six and a half chips. To determine the moment of stopping, register 18 is used, containing seven elements. The same register is used to control switch 14, which serves to switch the horizontal rows of the indicator matrix. Since the coincidence circuit 8 and the amplifier 9 operate in the middle of the incoming parcels of the old stop combination, the switching of the horizontal rows of the indicator matrix occurs in the middle of the elementary parcels. This allows the measurement process and the indication process to be separated in time. Neon lamps burn for the same amount of time regardless of the amount of distortion. The described device provides measurement of distortions of telegraph messages at telegraph speeds up to 1000 baud with a measurement error of up to 2%. The device can be widely used at telegraph stations and in laboratory conditions. Subject of the invention 1, A device for measuring distortions of telegraph messages in synchronous and start-stop modes, made on semiconductor devices and ferrites with PPG, including a distributor on two parallel shift registers, differing in that, for the purpose ¹)47/97 increasing the measurement accuracy, ensuring the convenience of reading the distortion value and the independence of the reading from the subjective error of the observer, it uses a matrix circuit of a start-stop discrete indicator on neon lamps, consisting of M vertical! 100 is the price of division of the scale and six horizontal bars, at the intersection of which the INDICATOR LAMPS are turned on, each of which corresponds to a certain amount of distortion of the code combination message. 2. Device according to 1, characterized by the fact that, in order to ensure a certain duration of reliable ignition and extinguishing of neon lamps, as well as increasing their burning duration, it uses a one-shot transistor, supplying control pulses to the vertical buses of the matrix, the switch and the drive of M cells. carrying out switching of six horizontal buses of the matrix and synchronizing the moments of their switching with the corresponding midpoints of the elementary parcels. Compiled by G. E. Emelyanov Editor N. S. Kutafina Technical editor A. A Kamyshnikova Proofreader V. Andrianova Subp. to the stove, 7 VI-62 Paper format. 70; 108 l g Volume 0.26 pg l. Zach. 6023 Circulation 800 Price 4 kopecks. CBTI Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of Ministers of the USSR Moscow, Center, M. Cherkassky per., 2/6 Printing house CBTI, Moscow, Petrovka, 14
