Ministry of Education of the Penza Region

State Autonomous Penza Educational Institution

Penza Region

"Penza College of Transport Technologies"

Individual project

" Keyboard. History of development."

Completed by: Plakhov.K.Yu

1st year student, group 16th floor 17

Specializing in Transport Operations

electrical equipment and automation

Grade:______________________

Checked by: Tsybuzina E.Yu

G.Penza

2017

Who created the keyboard………………1

Beginning of development………………….2

What are the keys on the keyboard responsible for…………………3

Keys for cursor control………………..4-5

Types of keyboards……………………….6-9

Service keys………………….10

The keyboard is……………………….11

Who created the keyboard

The history of the computer keyboard goes back more than 150 years.

The prototype of the modern keyboard was typewriters, which appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The first typewriter was patented by Christopher Latham Sholes; its keys with letters were arranged in alphabetical order.

Over time, users realized that this arrangement was inconvenient, since the letters that were used frequently were located far from the center. A little over 20 years later, the Latin keyboard layout called “QWERTY” was invented. It is still in use today.

It is interesting that the Russian keyboard layout was invented in America at the dawn of the 19th century and has survived almost unchanged to this day. The name “QWERTY” comes from the first 6 keys of the top letter row of the layout.

Beginning of development

The Baudot machine used a five-bit code to encode letters of the alphabet, with the help of which complex electromechanical devices printed the received text onto paper.

The communication was synchronous, and the telegraph operator had to press the button only when receiving a special sound signal. Later, data transfer became asynchronous, and this method of communication was called “teletype” (literally “printing at a distance”).

1960 is a turning point in the history of development computer keyboards– An electric typewriter enters the market. It had a capacitive keyboard. The capacitive keyboard was produced on printed textolite boards.

The name of the technology speaks for itself - this type works using capacitors located in the device. Two pads made of tin and nickel-plated copper, which, by the way, are not connected to each other in any way, either mechanically or electrically, form each key. This keyboard allows you to enter text at speeds of up to 300 characters per second.

Of course, the keyboards of these machines were superior in function and number of keys to electric typewriters. For example, a number of keys like Cntrl and Alt were added. The curved arrow key became known as Enter and served not only as a carriage return, but also to complete data entry. To work with electronic documents Cursor control arrows were added, but for now they were on numbers.

What do the keys on the keyboard do?

The keyboard keys are divided into several groups, depending on their functions:

Alphanumeric:

The main purpose of alphanumeric keys is to enter character information and commands that are typed by letter. Each key can operate in two modes (registers) and, accordingly, can be used to enter several characters.

Functional:

The function keys F1-F12, located at the top of the keyboard, are programmed to perform certain actions (functions). So very often the F1 key is used to call up help. The functions of these keys depend on the specific operating system. this moment program time, and in some cases from operating system. There is no fixed meaning for the keys.

F1 - help
F2 - insert key name
F3 - select line fragment
F4 - cancel selection
F5 - shift window left
F6 - shift window to the right
F7 - left paragraph border
F8 - centering
F9 - Russian/Latin alphabet
F10 - enter the menu
Each of these keys is associated with a menu command. The action of almost all function keys can be modified with three special keys: Alt(from ALTernative - additional), Ctrl(ConTRoL -manager) and Shift(SHIFT-shift).

These keys are used like the shift key on a typewriter: you press one of them and then, without releasing it, press function key.

In the future, such a joint press of two keys will be denoted by a line or a plus. For example, Alt-F3 means that the F3 key must be pressed together with the Alt key, Ctrl-F9 - F9 must be pressed together with the Ctrl key, etc.

Numeric keypad convenient for quickly entering numbers. The keys are grouped in a block, like on a regular calculator or adding machine.

The numeric keypad contains numbers from 0 to 9, arithmetic operators+ (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication) and / (division), as well as the decimal point as on a calculator or adding machine.

Although these characters are duplicated by other keys, their placement on the numeric keypad allows you to quickly enter numeric data or math operations with one hand.

To work in this block, you must press the Num Lock key in the upper left corner of the block. In this case, the dot on the indicator light should light up.

Keys for cursor control:

The cursor control keys provide commands to move the cursor across the monitor screen relative to the current image. A cursor is a screen element that indicates where character information is to be entered. These keys allow you to control the data entry position. The exact meaning of the cursor keys may vary depending on the program. However, the most common use of the arrow keys is to move the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow or scroll text across the screen.

Home- move the cursor to the beginning of the line.

End- move the cursor to the end of the line.

PgUp- move one “page” up.

PgDn- move one page down.

Delete- delete

Service:

Service keys are used for various auxiliary purposes, such as changing case, insert modes, forming combinations "hot" keys, etc.

At the bottom of the keyboard there is a large longitudinal key ( Space Bar) without symbols on it. It's called the spacebar. She moves the cursor one space to the right.

Key Enter(input) - ends command input and causes it to be executed. When typing, serves to complete a paragraph.

A key Baskspace(return) - deletes the last character to the left of the cursor.

Control keys are used very often. They are not collected in one group, but are placed so that they are convenient to press.

Key Esc located in the upper left corner of the keyboard. Usually serves to abandon an action just completed.

Keys Shift, Ctrl, Alt adjust the action of other keys.

Caps Lock- is an uppercase key that locks capital letters. When a key is pressed, the keyboard indicator light in the upper right corner lights up. When you press the key again, the indicator light goes out, after which you can enter lowercase letters.

Shift- called the case change key. It is used in the same way as on a typewriter. Shift keys are located on both sides of the keyboard. If you hold down the Shift key and press the Caps Lock key at the same time, uppercase letters will be replaced with lowercase ones.

Alt, Ctrl- have no independent meaning, they work together with other keys.

Ins (Insert)- switching insertion and replacement mode when entering information into text editors and editors without data.

Del (delete)- deleting the character under which the cursor is located.

Three Mysterious Keys:

So, we have looked at almost all the keys that can be used. But for the more curious, we’ll explore the three most mysterious keys on the keyboard: PRINT SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK and PAUSE/BREAK.

PRINT SCREEN (or PRT SCN)

Once upon a time, this key actually did what it said - it sent text from the screen to the printer. Today, pressing PRINT SCREEN takes an image of the entire screen (a "screenshot") and copies it to the clipboard in the computer's memory. From there, you can paste (CTRL+V) this image into Microsoft Paint or another program and, if necessary, print it from there.

Even more incomprehensible is SYS RQ on the same PRINT SCREEN key on some keyboards. Historically, SYS RQ was intended as a system request, but this command is not included in Windows.

SCROLL LOCK (or SCR LK)

In most programs, pressing SCROLL LOCK has no effect. In some programs, pressing the SCROLL LOCK key changes the behavior of the arrow keys and the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys; Pressing these keys allows you to scroll the document without changing the cursor position or the selected fragment. The keyboard may have a SCROLL LOCK indicator light.

This key is rarely used. In some older programs, pressing this key paused the program or, in combination with CTRL, stopped it from executing.

Keyboard shortcuts are a way to perform actions using the keyboard. They are called keyboard shortcuts or "hot keys" because they speed things up. Indeed, almost any action or command performed with a mouse can be performed faster with one or more keys.

In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys must be pressed in combination

Types of keyboards.
The ergonomic keyboard was invented to relieve the stress of constant typing and provide certain convenience. Constant use of a keyboard can cause carpal tunnel (tendon) syndrome and constant pain from tension. An ergonomic keyboard with a special shape and design is very useful in such cases and is even recommended by doctors.

Although there are no specific design features of an ergonomic keyboard, it usually has a special shape design for a more comfortable typing experience, unlike a standard keyboard.

Membrane keyboard

Membrane keyboards are the most common implementation option of this device input. The design of a membrane keyboard is very simple and consists in the fact that a rubber membrane under the key, when pressed, closes two contacts. As a result, a key press is registered. Next, the rubber membrane, straightening, returns the key to its place.

This operating principle is very simple to implement technologically. No complex mechanisms are used. Everything is extremely simple, as a result of which membrane keyboards are very cheap.

Virtual keyboard

The operating principle of the virtual laser keyboard is simple and clear without much explanation. The design uses two semiconductor diode lasers - a “red” one to create a projection of the keyboard and an invisible infrared with an IR photodetector to determine the key that your finger has touched. While you are typing comfortably on the laser projection of the keys - just like on a regular keyboard, an invisible beam analyzes the coordinates of the position of your fingers and processes the information received accordingly. Add to thisdesigns wireless Bluetooth interface and virtual keyboard for all types of landline and mobile devices- PC, laptop, pocket PC or smartphone, ready

Mechanical keyboard

A mechanical keyboard has a more complex key locking mechanism. The contact does not close by pressing itself. The contact closes when the key passes a certain line. The key is returned by an ordinary spring.

A mechanical keyboard is more expensive than a membrane keyboard. The locking mechanism is more complex, and mechanical keyboards have many more elements made of metal.

In terms of tactile sensations, a mechanical keyboard is much superior to its membrane counterpart. When you press a key, you clearly know at what moment the key is pressed. This keyboard is perfect for touch typing. It is quite difficult to accidentally underpress a key, since the key stroke has one peculiarity. At first the move is relatively heavy, but at a certain moment it becomes very light and during this light move the key will be pressed.

The main difference is that the key return is responsible forspring . This solution is designed to increase durability and improve tactile sensations when typing, especially when typing quickly.

Rubber keyboard

The rubber keyboard consists of two parts. The lower part is usually printed circuit board devices. At the locations of the keys there is a grid of conductive paths on it. The upper part is a rubber plate with keys on dome-shaped protrusions, in the center of which there are pads made of conductive rubber. When you press a key, the dome is pressed through, creating tactile feedback (the feeling of overcoming the mechanical resistance of the key) and the conductive rubber closes the tracks. The reliability of a rubber keyboard is not very high, since moisture and dirt can accumulate between the board and the rubber plate, disrupting contact

Service buttons

Let's now study the rarely used, but very necessary in some cases, service buttons. These include SCROLL LOCK and PAUSE. The first key is designed to change the mode of use of the control arrows. So, for example, so that when you press the “right” or “left” buttons it moves in the corresponding direction active window. The PAUSE key can be useful if you are running a program or process on your PC that has a pause function. For example, before Windows loads, various types of system information are displayed on the PC screen. If the user is interested in reading it, but does not have time to do so due to the computer quickly switching to booting Windows, then he can “slow down” the process by pressing the PAUSE key. If, of course, the software interface allows this to be done - its algorithms are laid down by the computer manufacturer or motherboard. To continue the execution of the program, it is usually enough to press any button on the keyboard.

Ctrl , Alt, Escape, Win, PrintScreen, ScrollLock, Pause/Break, AppsKey - this is special keys, they are used alone or in combination with other keys (called hotkey combinations) to perform all sorts of tasks. For example, the combination Ctrl + C will copy the selected element, and clicking on Escape- causes the action to be canceled or the dialog box to close.

The keys of this group do not have a specific place on the “keyboard”; for ease of use, they are located in all corners.

Ctrl And Alt- these are modifiers - they are used only in conjunction with other keys.

PrintScreen- designed to take a screenshot (screenshot).

ScrollLock- used to fix the cursor position. When ScrollLock is enabled and you are navigating the page using navigation keys(see the purpose of this group a little below) your screen will move. If disabled, the cursor will move. This mode is now used very rarely and does not work everywhere; in particular, it is present in Excel.

Pause/Break- to interrupt a running process. For example, you can pause the download of the program and even the download of OS Windows itself (you can see what your PC is writing), press pause in the game. Also, sometimes (for example, Punto Switcher) can be used to quickly change the language.

AppsKey- analogue of RMB (right mouse button). The button is located between the right Ctrl and the right Windows checkbox. It shows a cursor and a menu.

Windows- opens the Start menu.

Keyboard

The keyboard is the main device for manual input of information. There are full-size (desktop PCs) and smaller (portable PCs). Pressing a key transmits to the processor the code (conventional number) of the pressed key, which, depending on the program used, can be interpreted differently. For this reason, the same keyboard can be used to enter Latin characters, Cyrillic, Japanese, Chinese and other characters. But this requires appropriate programs. Some keys do not form an independent code and are usually used in conjunction with other keys.

The keyboard belongs to standard means personal computer. Its main functions do not require support from special system programs (drivers). The necessary software to get started with your computer is already included in the ROM chip as part of the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), so the computer responds to key presses immediately after it is turned on.

Bibliography

1.http://yandex.ru/clck/jsredir?from=yandex.ru%3Bsearch%2F%3Bweb%3B%

2. http://yandex.ru/clck/jsredir?from=yandex.ru%3Bsearch%2F%3Bweb%3B%3B&

Research project "The Mystery of the Keyboard"

(2010-2011 academic year)

Project Manager: Nokhai Alena Aleksandrovna, computer science teacher

Problematic issues:

1. Why are the letters on the keyboard arranged this way?
2. When was this arrangement of letters on a keyboard first invented?
3. Does typing speed depend on the placement of letters on the keyboard?

Purpose of the study: identification of parameters on which the speed of typing on the keyboard depends.

Stages of work on the project:

1. Studying the history of the modern keyboard layout;

2. Studying the principles of letter arrangement on existing keyboard layouts;

3. Creation of a keyboard with an alternative Russian layout;

4. Measuring the speed of typing Russian text on keyboards with different layouts and analyzing the results

Conclusion: During the experiment, it was found that typing speed depends on the location of the keys on the keyboard. In this case, the age of the user is not so important as the frequency of using the computer for typing texts. This means that constant training is required to increase your typing speed.

Project implementation:

The project was presented atCity conference of junior schoolchildren "Opening" (section "Information technologies and their practical use" , where he was awarded 1st place.
In addition, the author with this work took part inI All-Russian Internet competition "Children's research project" (nomination "Mathematics"). The author of the work became laureate competition.

Project topic

Keyboard. History of development

Project name

How many keys are on the keyboard?

Subject, group

Computer science. Basic course. Final certification in project form

Brief summary of the project

When entering into a computer text information its binary encoding occurs, that is, the image of the symbol is converted into its binary code. Encoding one character requires 1 byte or 8 bits of information. 2^8=256. This number of characters is quite sufficient to represent text information on a computer.

While studying the topic “Binary coding of text information”, we are talking about the fact that for entering all necessary information 256 different symbols are used. When encoding, these characters are divided into three groups: 1) operations (from 0 to 32), 2) international (from 33 to 127), 3) national (from 128 to 255). And when the discussion begins on the question of what symbols can be called national, and whether Russian letters are needed on the keyboard in Germany or Japan, the question arises: “How many keys, for example, are there on a Japanese keyboard?”

When, at the end of 9th grade, Sergey Gamazov decided to take the final exam in computer science in project form, when choosing a project topic, we decided to return to this issue.

Naturally, Sergei first set about collecting information on the history of the creation and development of the keyboard, various manufacturers and types of keyboards, and also found tips on how to care for the keyboard.

He then tested all the keyboards in the school and determined the number of keys on them. The oldest keyboard from Robotron computers was still spring-loaded (we disassembled it). We also found a faulty modern keyboard with a cellophane gasket instead of springs.

The most sophisticated keyboard is located in cabinet 20 (it has many additional keys for working with media applications). Sergei did not forget about his home computer.

While working on the project, Sergey addressed various sections of the basic computer science course: “Information and its measurement”, “Binary coding of information”, “ Hardware computers", "Text information processing technology", "Multimedia information processing technology", "Communication technologies".

Now it's time for the Japanese keyboard.

If you are interested in finding out how many keys there are on a Japanese keyboard, check out Sergey Gamazov’s project.

Guiding Questions

Fundamental Question

"How many keys are there on a Japanese keyboard?"

Problematic issues

“How are different keyboards similar and how can they differ?”

"Are Russian letters needed on the keyboard in Germany or Japan?"

Study questions

"What characters are used when typing on the keyboard?"

"What does the word QWERTY mean?"

"Can a keyboard replace a mouse?"

"What are the prospects for the development of the keyboard?"

Project plan

Project business card

Teacher publication

XV Scientific and Practical Conference
"Youth of the North"
Research

Completed by: Semenova Anastasia Romanovna,
student of class 6 “A” of a municipal autonomous educational institution

Head: Kotikova Tatyana Matveevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature at a municipal autonomous educational institution
“Basic secondary school No. 19”, Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha 2014
Secrets of the reader's perception of Astrid Lindgren's heroes
Introduction
I am 12 years old. In my free time I like to read different books. After reading Astrid Lindgren’s book “The Kid and Carlson Who Lives on the Roof,” I was once again convinced that I liked the main character with a propeller on his back.
For adults, Carlson is a fiction, but for children it is not. Every child on earth dreams of a fairy-tale hero named Carlson coming to him. This little prankster with a motor on his back is always inventing something: he creates a good mood and pleases with his funny stories. I would like all childhood illnesses to be treated with cherry jam, and not with pills. And if you are lonely, or you are in trouble and your mood has worsened, close your eyes for a minute and imagine that now a funny little man, Carlson, will knock on your window...
In Russia, probably every child and adult knows this funny naughty guy. But I learned that in Sweden itself, the hero’s homeland, he is not only not popular, but is a negative character. Did you know about this?
I found few literary articles on this topic and decided to figure it out myself:
-What is the reason for the enormous popularity of A. Lindgren’s heroes in Russia?
-Do readers of other countries really treat this hero differently? Why?
Statement of the problem and organization of its research.
Research objectives:
- to identify the attitude of children from different countries towards Carlson (the hero of Astrid Lindgren’s fairy tale “The Kid and Carlson”);
- compare the perception of Astrid Lindgren’s heroes by Russian and foreign readers;
- explore the reasons for the popularity of Astrid Lindgren’s works among children in Russia.
Research objectives:
- determine what reader perception is;
-contact via the Internet with children from other countries (Sweden, Finland, Germany) and identify interest in the books and characters of A. Lindgren;
-conduct a survey among students in grades 4-6 of school No. 19 and identify interest in the books and characters of A. Lindgren;
-conduct a survey among parents of students and teachers of school No. 19 and identify interest in the books and characters of A. Lindgren;
- compare the attitude of readers from different countries to the characters of A. Lindgren.
Relevance
Every person who loves to read needs to know: the fate of a book depends on the reader’s perception.
Hypothesis
The attitude towards the characters of the works depends not only on age, nationality, but also on the skill of the translator.
Object of study
- Astrid Lindgren's fairy tale “The Kid and Carlson”;
– teenage children in grades 4-6 of school No. 19;
- parents of students at school No. 19;
-teachers of school No. 19;
- teenage children of other countries (Sweden, Finland, Germany);
Research methods:
1.collection of information from various sources (literary, Internet resources).
2. study and analysis of reference literature.
3. survey of students in grades 4-6 of MAOU secondary school No. 19.
4.survey of parents, teachers, familiar adults.
5.processing of survey results.
6. comparative analysis fairy tale texts in English and Russian (translated by L. Lungina)
7. generalization of the results of analytical work.
Work structure
- introduction;
- main part;
- conclusion;
-bibliography.
Chapter 1
Literature is a special type of art, since the act of perceiving the images at the center of the work is a complex process.
Psychologists, both domestic and foreign (L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontyev, O.I. Nikiforova, R. Arnheim), pay special attention to the fact that perception is not simple photography, simple reception of information. This is an active activity in which positive motivation, need and interest play a huge role.
59 years ago, in 1955, Astrid Lindgren's first and, perhaps, kindest and most cheerful book about the Kid and Carlson was published. These are fairy tales, but the tales are original, realistic and modern. Later the books appeared in Russian.
“The Kid and Carlson, who lives on the roof” (1955; translated into Russian 1957)
“Carlson, who lives on the roof, has arrived again” (1962; translated into Russian 1965) “Carlson, who lives on the roof, plays pranks again” (1968; translated into Russian 1973) Why are readers in Sweden and other European countries Did you see Carlson as one thing, but did readers in Russia see something completely different?
Questioning
in order to compare the perception of Astrid Lindgren’s heroes by Russian and foreign readers
- have you read Astrid Lindgren’s book “The Kid and Carlson”?
- Are you familiar with the hero of Astrid Lindgren’s fairy tale “Baby and Carlson”?
–Carlson: what positive character traits do you like about him?
-Do you think Carlson has negative character traits, what are they?
-Describe Carlson. How do you see it?
-How old do you think Carlson is?
The survey involved students in grades 4-6 of MAOU secondary school No. 19 - 75 people
I received the following answers to questions 1 and 2:

So, 70% of respondents met the hero of the Swedish writer by watching an animated film.

Foreign readers (87%) became acquainted with Carlson by reading the book.
This means that the source of acquaintance for Russian and foreign readers is different.
I received the following answers to questions 3 and 4 of the questionnaire when describing a literary character.
Opinion of Russian readers (children)
Positive qualities Negative qualities
Resourceful Likes to brag and exaggerate
Witty Deceives without blinking an eye
Cheerful, never boring with him Begs for food, especially sweets
Helps the offended Plays pranks
Punishes crooks Egoist, loves only himself
Flies in when you need help. Sloppy, walks around in socks with holes.
Does not leave a friend in trouble Eats without measure
He manages to re-educate adults. Very pleased with himself.
Rejoices when others feel good Unceremonious
Thief
Can't read or count
Stubborn, always does things his own way

Answers from foreign readers (children)
Negative Positive
Egoist
Kind
Thief
Helps others
Liar
good-natured
SloppyCheerful
Ill-mannered
Funny
The opinions of foreign and Russian readers when characterizing Carlson coincide.
Why is the attitude towards this hero different?

A survey to study the reasons for the popularity of Astrid Lindgren’s works among children in Russia and abroad.
83% of readers love the hero A. Lindgren. Here's how they commented on their attitude towards him:
– I love Carlson for his cheerful, brave and good-natured disposition, for his endless inventions, for the fact that if he does something wrong, it is not out of malice;
- Carlson is the personification of childhood itself, cheerful and reckless, funny and sad, sometimes even hooligan.
- He shows how not to behave, and the children understand this.
- This is an eternal hero!
- Judging by the examples he sets for the Kid, it’s negative. But at the same time, he saves the Kid from loneliness - this is important, it means positive
-Carlson appeals to the child's mind. This is the prevention of static brain activity.
- Explains to the child what “good” is and what “bad” is. Allows you to look at the other side of the coin. Since everything is learned by comparison, one can only rely on the child’s choice. Will he give in or not?
- Positive, definitely!
-He is simply unpredictable... illogical... a negative hero, but he has a positive influence on children.
-The coolest literary hero is Carlson. He lives for his own pleasure, does what he wants, and he also has a propeller on his back. What more could you ask for?

In Russia, Carlson is loved by 83% of readers, abroad – only 31%
I received these answers from foreign readers (they were translated into Russian):
- Adults often wonder: why do children like Carlson so much? Nasty, capricious, ill-mannered, always demanding delicious food... This series can be continued indefinitely. Maybe because every moment he is ready to play pranks, and not always innocently? Is the bad influence of the street (in this case the roof) always attractive to children at home? I think this is not true at all. After all, for the Kid, Carlson is not an inveterate hooligan and a leader in risky games, but rather a lonely child who needs affection, participation and family warmth. The baby, despite his small age, feels this very well. He feels sorry for Carlson and forgives him a lot. This great book teaches a child love and tolerance for those who are difficult to love.
- I never liked this book as a child. And I always felt sorry for the unfortunate child who got such a “friend”.
Already at the age of 8, I was disgusted to read how Carlson uses the Kid for his own selfish purposes. Frames... (after all, the Kid was often punished for what he did not do...)
And I never understood why the Kid wouldn’t reject such a FALSE FRIEND - either there are no normal friends, or the child is completely stupid for considering THIS his friend.
I contacted children from other countries via the Internet, and here is one of my correspondence with a girl from Sweden, she is 14 years old:
-What is your attitude towards Carlson? Detärendumbom, roligt, ochsjälvcentrerad (He is stupid, funny and self-centered)
-What positive character traits did you like about him?
Detärdumt, men ändåförsökeratträttatillsinamisstag ... någradummabugg (He is stupid, but he still tries to correct his mistakes... even though he corrects them stupidly)
-Do you think Carlson has negative character traits, and what are they?
Ja, detfinns. Han ärsjälvisk ... ochhanintemärker (Yes, there is. He is selfish... and he doesn’t notice it)
-Describe Carlson. How do you see it?
Sillyfettfrossare.(Stupid fat glutton)
-How old do you think Carlson is?
beteendethoshans 5-8år
(according to his behavior, he is 5-8 years old) - Why do you think Baby’s parents didn’t see Carlson?
Eftersom de intevillattdetskaskiljamellan, ochbarnet under en långtidpåattförsökabevisaatt Carlson existerar, men de troddeinte, troddeatthanhittatpåallt, somallasmå barn
(Because they didn’t want to see him, and the Kid tried for a long time to prove that Carlson exists, but they didn’t believe it, they thought that he was making up everything, like all little children)

Fairy tale covers in Swedish

Illustrations of fairy tales in Russian
So, Russian and foreign readers see both negative and positive qualities of Carlson (foreign readers - 64% noted negative qualities, and Russians - 8%; foreign readers - 31% noted positive qualities, and Russians - 83%). They give approximately the same answers in determining his age (despite the fact that illustrators depicted the fairy-tale hero in different ways): foreign readers - Carlson is from 10 to 20 years old - 18%, and Russians - 20%; foreign readers – Carlson is from 30 to 40 years old – 26%, and Russians 23%. But in Russia he is a favorite fairy-tale hero, and abroad he is a negative character. Perhaps the secret of such perception is in translation? Let's compare the translation by Lilianna Lungina (the first translator of this tale) and the literal translation.
An excerpt from a fairy tale translated by L. LunginaCarlson is a small, plump, self-confident man, and besides, he can fly. Everyone can fly airplanes and helicopters, but Carlson can fly on his own. As soon as he presses a button on his stomach, a clever motor immediately starts working behind his back. For a minute, until the propeller spins properly, Carlson stands motionless, but when the engine starts working with all his might, Carlson soars up and flies, swaying slightly, with such an important and dignified look, like some kind of director - of course, if you can imagine a director with a propeller behind his back.
Carlson lives well in a small house on the roof. In the evenings he sits on the porch, smokes a pipe and looks at the stars. From the roof, of course, the stars are visible better than from the windows, and therefore one can only be surprised that so few people live on roofs. It must be that other residents simply do not think of living on the roof. After all, they don’t know that Carlson has his own house there, because this house is hidden behind a large chimney. And in general, will adults pay attention to some tiny house there, even if they trip over it?
Excerpt from a fairy tale Google Translate
There is only one person in the whole house who is not ordinary and that is Carlson, who lives on the roof. This in itself is out of the ordinary. Things may be different in other parts of the world, but in Stockholm people almost never live in a small house of their own on top of a roof. But Carlson lives. He is very small, very round, and a very seasoned gentleman and he can fly! Everyone flies in a plane or helicopter, but only Carlson can fly by himself. He simply presses a button in the middle of his tummy and, voila, the tricky little engine on his back starts up. Carlson waits a moment or two to let the engine warm up, and then he accelerates, takes off, and glides down the road with all the dignity and poise of a statesman, that is, if you can imagine a statesman with an engine on his back. Carlson is very happy living in his small house on the top of the roof. In the evenings he sits on his front doorstep, smoking his pipe and looking at the stars. Naturally, you can see the stars much better from a roof than from any other point in the house, so it's really surprising that more people don't live on rooftops. But the inhabitants of the house do not know that they can live on the roof, they do not even know that Karlsson has a house there, since it is so well hidden behind a large chimney.
Excerpt from A. Lindgren's fairy tale (in English)
There is only one person in the entire house who is not ordinary-and that is Carlson-on-the-Roof. He lives on the roof, Carlson does. This alone is out of the ordinary. Things may be different in other parts of the world, but in Stockholm people hardly ever live in a little house of their own on top of a roof. But Carlson does. He is a very small, very round, and very self-possessed gentleman-and he can fly! Anybody can fly by airplane or helicopter, but only Carlson can fly all by himself. He simply turns a button in the middle of his tummy and, presto, the cunning little engine on his back starts up. Carlson waits for a moment or two to let the engine warm up; then he accelerates, takes off, and glides on his way with all the dignity and poise of a statesman; that is, if you can picture a statesman with a motor on his back.Karlsson is very contented in his little house on top of the roof. In the evenings he sits on his front doorstep, smoking a pipe and watching the stars. Naturally, you can see the stars much better from the roof than from anywhere else in the house, so it is really surprising that more people do not live on roofs. But the occupants of the house don’t know that you can live on a roof; they don’t even know that Karlsson has a cottage up there, it is so well hidden behind the big chimney.
In the evenings he sits on his front doorstep, smoking his pipe and looking at the stars (original)
In the evenings he sits on the porch, smokes a pipe and looks at the stars (Lungina)
As soon as he presses a button on his stomach, a clever motor immediately starts working behind his back. For a minute, until the propeller spins properly, Carlson stands motionless, but when the engine starts working with all his might, Carlson soars up and flies, swaying slightly, with such an important and dignified look, like some kind of director - of course, if you can imagine a director with a propeller behind his back. (Lungina)
He simply presses a button in the middle of his tummy and, voila, the clever little engine on his back starts up. Carlson waits a moment or two to let the engine warm up, and then he accelerates, takes off, and glides down the road with all the dignity and poise of a statesman, that is, if you can imagine a statesman with an engine on his back. (original)
There is only one person in the whole house who is not ordinary and that is Carlson, who lives on the roof. (original)
Carlson is a small, plump, self-confident man, and besides, he can fly. (Lungina)
I never thought that interest in a foreign book largely depends on its translation, on the style and skill of the translator.
Firstly, the translator Lungina brought the book closer to the Russian reader. Of course, both Carlson and her housekeeper are much softer and sweeter than in the original.
In many countries where translation was not so well adapted to everyday speech, Carlson languished in obscurity. It was truly popular only in Sweden and the USSR. And Astrid Lindgren herself admitted that thanks to Lungina’s talent, her heroes became popular and loved in Russia as in no other country in the world. In her interviews, Lindgren liked to repeat that there is “something Russian” about Carlson.
Secondly, “...perhaps the reason for the popularity of Swedish literature in Russia was the spirit of national romanticism, common to Russian and Swedish societies of those years,” says Magnus Ljungren, a professor at the Gothenburg Institute of Slavic Languages.
Thirdly, there is one more reason - the image of Carlson in the Russian cartoon is significantly softened: he looks more like a funny joker who does not want to part with his childhood, than an inveterate prankster. That is why Russian teenagers (70% learned about the hero from the cartoon) noted the positive qualities of the hero.
Conclusion.
Summing up the results of the work done, I come to the conclusion:
-the fate of the book depends on the reader’s perception;
-interest in a foreign book depends on age, nationality, and most importantly, on the skill of the translator: “Russian” Carlson is popular in Russia thanks to the translator L. Lungina, the creators of the animated film, since their image of Carlson is much softer and sweeter than in the original.
Bibliography
.1 Lindgren, Astrid, Milne, Alan Alexander. Three stories about Malysh and Carlson / A.
Lindgren. Winnie the Pooh and everything, everything, everything... / Retelling from English. B. Zakhoder / Alan
Alexander Milne. – T.: Yulduzcha, 1988. 432 p.
2. Dmitry Shevarov. Carlson, Emil, Liliana and all, all, all. Newspaper "First
September" No. 29 2000
3.. Mushrooms for Cheburashka. Comments LiveInternet - Russian Service Online
Diaries
4. Carlson is not a glitch! Olga Masyukevich "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - Federal issue
dated December 12, 2006
5. Natalya Mavlevich, Which Carlson lives on the roof?
6. “About Malysh and Carlson, translated by L. Lungina, L. Braude and E. Uspensky”

Every day we are faced with dozens of secrets. And to find them, it is not at all necessary to spy on someone else’s personal life and fish out someone’s skeletons from closets. Just looking around is enough. One of the everyday mysteries is at your fingertips right now. Why are the letters on the keyboard arranged

In this strange order? Let's try to figure it out.

Do you think you are fast at typing on your keyboard? Do you make a lot of mistakes? Perhaps if the letters were arranged in alphabetical order, things would be much more productive? Japanese researchers asked themselves this question and tried to find out why, instead of the “normal” arrangement of keys, the whole world uses the QWERTY (or in the Russian version YTSUKEN) layout. Documents were raised, answers were found, and at the same time, two popular myths about the origin of the modern keyboard were debunked.

Myth 1: The QWERTY layout was designed for fast typing and because of the low “popularity” of individual letters

This version is the most common and quite logical. At first sight. But field studies have shown that if subjects used exclusively a specially designed keyboard with a different letter arrangement for some time, they got used to it. And the typing speed was practically no different from working with QWERTY.

Myth 2: the keyboard is a descendant of the typewriter, and there the QWERTY order helped to avoid freezing

This version was completely opposite to the first. Its essence was that the unusual and “illogical” arrangement of the keys on the typewriter was supposed to slightly confuse typists. They could not print at high speed and, accordingly, the machine did not freeze. And everyone was happy. But the counterargument to the interesting theory lies on the surface: mechanical memory. This was also proven by the experiment from the previous paragraph. Over time, we adapt to any conditions, so you can learn to type quickly and almost blindly on an “illogical” keyboard.

Truth: thanks to Morse code

It turned out that the first prototypes of modern keyboards were equipped with an alphabetical layout. And they began to “test” them on telegraph operators. Testers who had to quickly transcribe messages found the alphabetical order annoyingly awkward. And in order to work with Morse code more efficiently, they offered their own option - QWERTY. The proposal was heard, and after a few years of QWERTY all telegraphs switched to QWERTY. And behind them comes the rest of the printed world.

It turns out that so many everyday things hold secrets. There would be a desire to solve them. Do you know, ?

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